References

News

Boak, J., Bedayn, J., & Sanders, L. (2026, April 21). Trump’s approval on economy falls in AP-NORC poll, showing new warning signs for president. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/trump-approval-iran-economy-cost-of-living-poll-fff492898cc8ff34e11df90ec4837a79

Boorstein, M., & Clement, S. (2026, May 6). Poll finds broad rejection of religion-related messages from Trump, Hegseth. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2026/05/06/poll-trump-leo-hegseth-approval/

Birnbaum, M., & Clement, S. (2026, May 1). Poll: Trump’s Iran war reaches Iraq- and Vietnam-era disapproval levels. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2026/05/01/poll-trump-iran-war-iraq/

Campbell, L. (2026, May 3). Trump’s disapproval rating hits record high, new poll shows. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/may/03/trump-disapproval-rating-poll

Cohn, N. (2026, May 18). A crack in the polling floor puts Trump in new territory. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/05/18/upshot/trump-poll-times-siena-analyis.html

Clement, S., & Balz, D. (2026, May 3). Trump disapproval reaches new high, Post-ABC-Ipsos poll finds. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2026/05/03/trump-approval-ratings-poll/

Gedeon, J. (2026, May 18). Donald Trump’s approval rating sinks to lowest point of second term. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/may/18/donald-trump-second-term-approval-rating-drops

George, O., & Clement, S. (2026, May 22). Poll shows voter confidence in economy plummeting to a nearly 4-year low. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2026/05/22/poll-shows-economic-confidence-plummeting-problem-trump/

Helmore, E. (2026, April 22). Trump approval slips as polls show warning signs for Republicans ahead of midterms. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/apr/22/trump-approval-slips-polls-midterms

Igielnik, R., & Chui, C. (2026, March 31). Will $4 gas hurt Trump’s approval ratings? Here’s what history shows. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/31/us/politics/trump-approval-ratings-gas-prices.html?searchResultPosition=4

Igielnik, R. (2026, April 23). Disapproval of Trump hits highest level of his second term. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/04/23/us/politics/trump-approval-rating-poll.html?searchResultPosition=1

Stein, C., Smith, D., & Chidi, G. (2026, May 9). With Trump’s low approval rating and Republicans’ ‘self-destruction’, can Democrats take the Senate? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/may/09/trumps-low-approval-ratings-republicans-self-destruction-democrats-senate

Lerer, L., Igielnik, R., & Baker, C. (2026, May 19). Trump’s approval sinks amid unpopular war, darkening G.O.P. prospects. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/05/18/us/politics/poll-trump-republicans-midterms-iran.html

Sanders, L., & Thompson-Deveaux, A. (2026, April 23). What Hispanic adults, men and young Americans think of Trump, according to an AP-NORC poll. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/poll-trump-hispanics-maga-republicans-928242e06ee57b8a9bccda9234dea568

Sanders, L., & Thompson-Deveaux, A. (2026, May 20). Where Trump stands with Republicans nationally, according to the latest AP-NORC poll. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/poll-trump-republicans-economy-iran-immigration-283a726342b3b41e0b71f2b2941d8484

Sanders, L., & Catalini, M. (2026, March 25). Most Americans say US military action against Iran has gone too far, a new AP-NORC poll finds. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/poll-iran-trump-war-oil-gas-prices-2abd1ea4a81f3339cebadd5480fb863b

Academic

Appelman, A., & Schmierbach, M. (2024). Coverage of Public Opinion Polls: Journalists’ Perceptions and Readers’ Responses. Journalism Practice, 18(4), 763–782. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/10.1080/17512786.2022.2058064

Chae, S. W., & Hara, N. (2024). Exploring how a YouTube channel’s political stance is associated with early COVID-19 communication on YouTube. Information, Communication & Society, 27(3), 618–644. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2227674

De Vreese, C. H., Boomgaarden, H. G., & Semetko, H. A. (2011). (In)direct Framing Effects: The Effects of News Media Framing on Public Support for Turkish Membership in the European Union. Communication Research, 38(2), 179–205. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/10.1177/0093650210384934

Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Towards clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x

Famulari, U. (2020). Framing the Trump Administration’s “Zero Tolerance” Policy: A Quantitative Content Analysis of News Stories and Visuals in US News Websites. Journalism Studies, 21(16), 2267–2284. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1832141

Kang, Y., & Yang, K. C. C. (2022). Communicating Racism and Xenophobia in the Era of Donald Trump: A Computational Framing Analysis of the US-Mexico Cross-Border Wall Discourses. Howard Journal of Communications, 33(2), 140–159. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/10.1080/10646175.2021.1996491

McCaffrey, R., Foster, B. J., Duffy Jr., M., & Parry, J. A. (2019). Journalists and the Red-State Voter: Perceptions of Journalism Credibility at a Statewide Level in the U.S. and the Trump Effect. Southwestern Mass Communication Journal, 34(2), 1–15. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/10.58997/smc.v34i2.46

Nai, A., & Maier, J. (2021). Teflon Trump? Shifting Public Perceptions of Donald Trump’s Personality Traits across Four Studies over 18 Months. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 33(2), 294–314. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/10.1093/ijpor/edaa030

Teresa, C. (2020). Steeled for the challenges: a critical discourse analysis of gendered news frames of Hillary Clinton in battleground coverage of the 2016 Democratic National Convention. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 37(1), 30–42. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/10.1080/15295036.2019.1688369

Oleskog Tryggvason, P. (2021). The Winner-Loser Spiral in Political News Coverage: Investigating the Impact of Poll Coverage on Subsequent Party Coverage. Political Communication, 38(6), 672–690. https://doi-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/10.1080/10584609.2020.1843571

Other

Ahn, A., & Chutel, L. (2026, May 23). Iran war timeline: Key moments and attacks. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/article/iran-war-trump-us-oil-hormuz-key-dates-events.html

Bussewitz, C. (2026, May 5). U.S. gasoline prices rise 50% since the start of the Iran war. PBS News. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/u-s-gasoline-prices-rise-50-since-the-start-of-the-iran-war

Gallup. (n.d.). Presidential approval ratings — George W. Bush. https://news.gallup.com/poll/116500/presidential-approval-ratings-george-bush.aspx

Lynch, A. (2025, December 19). 'Universal revulsion': Conservative details Trump's 'wheels-off week.’ AlterNet. https://www.alternet.org/trump-bulwark-sarah-longwell/#

Murphy, J., Wu, J., & Yao, M. (2026, May 25). Track U.S., state and county gas prices. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/data-graphics/gas-prices-iran-war-state-national-cost-trump-rcna265835

The Associated Press. (2026, March 2). How the AP decided to call the fighting in the Middle East the ‘Iran war.’ AP News. https://apnews.com/article/iran-war-ap-style-e8f367497c26ceb6b055f9c354833b82